Beyond the Pay: Current Illicit Activities of the Armed Forces in Central America

Authors

Kristina Mani, Ph.D., Oberlin CollegeFollow

Date of this Version

9-2011

Document Type

Report

Abstract

The growth of criminal gangs and organized crime groups has created unprecedented challenges in Central America. Homicide rates are among the highest in the world, countries spend on average close to 10 percent of GDP to respond to the challenges of public insecurity, and the security forces are frequently overwhelmed and at times coopted by the criminal groups they are increasingly tasked to counter.

With some 90 percent of the 700 metric tons of cocaine trafficked from South America to the United States passing through Central America, the lure of aiding illegal traffickers through provision of arms, intelligence, or simply withholding or delaying the use of force is enormous.

These conditions raise the question: to what extent are militaries in Central America compromised by illicit ties to criminal groups? The study focuses on three cases: Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras. It finds that:

• Although illicit ties between the military and criminal groups have grown in the last decade, militaries in these countries are not yet “lost’ to criminal groups.
• Supplying criminal groups with light arms from military stocks is typical and on the rise, but still not common.
• In general the less exposed services, the navies and air forces, are the most reliable and effective ones in their roles in interdiction.
• Of the three countries in the study, the Honduran military is the most worrying because it is embedded in a context where civilian corruption is extremely common, state institutions are notoriously weak, and the political system remains polarized and lacks the popular legitimacy and political will needed to make necessary reforms.
• Overall, the armed forces in the three countries remain less compromised than civilian peers, particularly the police.

However, in the worsening crime and insecurity context, there is a limited window of opportunity in which to introduce measures targeted toward the military, and such efforts can only succeed if opportunities for corruption in other sectors of the state, in particular in law enforcement and the justice system, are also addressed.

Measures targeted toward the military should include:

• Enhanced material benefits and professional education opportunities that open doors for soldiers in promising legitimate careers once they leave military service.
• A clear system of rewards and punishments specifically designed to deter collusion with criminal groups.
• More effective securing of military arsenals.
• Skills and external oversight leveraged through combined operations, to build cooperation among those sectors of the military that have successful and clean records in countering criminal groups, and to expose weaker forces to effective best practices.

Comments

"The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report (paper) are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision unless so designated by the official documentation.

Funded by the National Defense Center for Energy and Environment (NDCEE), ID W91WAW-09-D-0022, delivery order number 0616."

Recommended Citation

Mani, Ph.D., Kristina, "Beyond the Pay: Current Illicit Activities of the Armed Forces in Central America" (2011). Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center. 44.
https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/whemsac/44