Effects of Simulated Drought on the Carbon Balance of Everglades Short-Hydroperiod Marsh

Authors

Sparkle L. Malone, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama; and Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest ServiceFollow
Gregory Starr, Department of Biological Sciences, University of AlabamaFollow
Christina L. Staudhammer, Department of Biological Sciences, University of AlabamaFollow
Michael G. Ryan, Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service; and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State UniversityFollow

Abstract

Hydrology drives the carbon balance of wetlands by controlling the uptake and release of CO₂ and CH₄. Longer dry periods in between heavier precipitation events predicted for the Everglades region, may alter the stability of large carbon pools in this wetland's ecosystems. To determine the effects of drought on CO₂ fluxes and CH₄ emissions, we simulated changes in hydroperiod with three scenarios that differed in the onset rate of drought (gradual, intermediate, and rapid transition into drought) on 18 freshwater wetland monoliths collected from an Everglades short-hydroperiod marsh. Simulated drought, regardless of the onset rate, resulted in higher net CO₂ losses net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over the 22-week manipulation. Drought caused extensive vegetation dieback, increased ecosystem respiration (R_eco), and reduced carbon uptake gross ecosystem exchange (GEE). Photosynthetic potential measured by reflective indices (photochemical reflectance index, water index, normalized phaeophytinization index, and the normalized difference vegetation index) indicated that water stress limited GEE and inhibited R_eco. As a result of drought-induced dieback, NEE did not offset methane production during periods of inundation. The average ratio of net CH₄ to NEE over the study period was 0.06, surpassing the 100-year greenhouse warming compensation point for CH₄ (0.04). Drought-induced diebacks of sawgrass (C₃) led to the establishment of the invasive species torpedograss (C₄) when water was resupplied. These changes in the structure and function indicate that freshwater marsh ecosystems can become a net source of CO₂ and CH₄ to the atmosphere, even following an extended drought. Future changes in precipitation patterns and drought occurrence/duration can change the carbon storage capacity of freshwater marshes from sinks to sources of carbon to the atmosphere. Therefore, climate change will impact the carbon storage capacity of freshwater marshes by influencing water availability and the potential for positive feedbacks on radiative forcing.

Comments

The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12211

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DBI-0620409 and #DEB-9910514. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Recommended Citation

Malone, S.L., G. Starr, C. Staudhammer, M.G. Ryan. 2013. Effects of simulated drought on the carbon balance of Everglades short-hydroperiod marsh. Global Change Biology 19: 2511-2523. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12211