Date of this Version

12-20-2012

Document Type

Article

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic loci for spirometic measures of pulmonary function, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and its ratio to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). Given that cigarette smoking adversely affects pulmonary function, we conducted genome-wide joint meta-analyses (JMA) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SNP-by-smoking (ever-smoking or pack-years) associations on FEV1 and FEV1/FVC across 19 studies (total N = 50,047). We identified three novel loci not previously associated with pulmonary function. SNPs in or near DNER (smallest PJMA = 5.00×10−11), HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA2 (smallest PJMA = 4.35×10−9), and KCNJ2 and SOX9 (smallest PJMA = 1.28×10−8) were associated with FEV1/FVC or FEV1 in meta-analysis models including SNP main effects, smoking main effects, and SNP-by-smoking (ever-smoking or pack-years) interaction. The HLA region has been widely implicated for autoimmune and lung phenotypes, unlike the other novel loci, which have not been widely implicated. We evaluated DNER, KCNJ2, and SOX9 and found them to be expressed in human lung tissue. DNER and SOX9 further showed evidence of differential expression in human airway epithelium in smokers compared to non-smokers. Our findings demonstrated that joint testing of SNP and SNP-by-environment interaction identified novel loci associated with complex traits that are missed when considering only the genetic main effects.

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Full list of authors and contributions:

Conceived and designed the experiments: DB Hancock, MS Artigas, SA Gharib, A Henry, A Manichaikul, A Ramasamy, DW Loth, M Imboden, B Koch, WL McArdle, AV Smith, J Smolonska, A Sood, W Tang, JB Wilk, G Zhai, JH Zhao, H Aschard, KM Burkart, I Curjuric, M Eijgelsheim, P Eliott, X Gu, TB Harris, C Janson, G Homuth, PG Hysi, JZ Liu, LR Loehr, K Lohman, RJF Loos, AK Manning, KD Marciante, M Obeisat, DS Postma, MC Aldritch, GG Brusselle, T-h Chen, G Eiriksdottir, N Franceschini, J Heinrich, JI Rottner, C Wijmenga, OD Williams, AR Bentley, A Hofman, CC Laurie, T Lumley, AC Morrison, BR Joubert, F Rivadeneira, DJ Couper, SB Kritchevsky, Y Liu, M Wjst, LV Wain, JM Vonk, AG Uitterlinden, T Rochat, SS Rich, BM Pstay, GT O'Connor, KE North, DB Mirel, B Meibohm, LJ Launer, K-T Khaw, A-L Hartikainen, CJ Hammond, S Gläser, J Marchini, P Kraft, NJ Wareham, H Völzke, BHC Stricker, TD Spector, NM Probst-Hensch, D Jarvis, M-R Jarvelin, SR Heckbert, V Gudnason, HM Boezen, RG Barr, PA Cassano, DP Strachan, M Fornage, IP Hall, J Dupuis, MD Tobin, SJ London. Performed the experiments: A Henry, A Hofman. Analyzed the data: DB Hancock, MS Artigas, SA Gharib, A Henry, A Manichaikul, A Ramasamy, DW Loth, M Imboden, WL McArdle, AV Smith, J Smolonska, A Sood, W Tang, JB Wilk, G Zhai, JH Zhao, A Hofman. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: H Aschard, AK Manning, P Kraft, J Dupuis, A Henry, IP Hall. Wrote the paper: DB Hancock, MS Artigas, SA Gharib, A Henry, A Manichaikul, A Ramasamy, DW Loth, PA Cassano, DP Strachan, M Fornage, IP Hall, J Dupuis, MD Tobin, SJ London.

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