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Abstract
Russia and China’s strategy seeks to expand its presence in Central America, a region traditionally aligned with the interests of the United States. To that end, subregional multilateral organizations such as PARLACEN, the Central American Integration System (SICA) and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) are the gateway for this strategy. Also, Russia and China are seeking to expand their security and military cooperation with the subregion, which may have strategic implications for the United States and its allies in Central America. This paper offers comprehensive background information and analysis on Russia and China’s expansionism in Central America and its subregional multilateral institutions while delving into the prospective security and military implications of such activities and how to effectively counter them.