Title

Convergence of microclimate in residential landscapes across diverse cities in the United States

Authors

Sharon J. Hall, Arizona State University at the Tempe CampusFollow
J. Learned, Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus
B. Ruddell, Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus
K. L. Larson, Arizona State University at the Tempe CampusFollow
J. Cavender-Bares, Unviersity of Minnesota
N. Bettez, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
P. M. Groffman, Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesFollow
J. M. Grove, USDA Forest ServiceFollow
J. B. Heffernan, Duke UniversityFollow
S. E. Hobie, University of MinnesotaFollow
J. L. Morse, Portland State UniversityFollow
C. Neill, The Ecosystems CenterFollow
K. C. Nelson, University of MinnesotaFollow
J. P.M. O'Neil-Dunne, University of VermontFollow
Laura Ogden, Dartmouth CollegeFollow
D. E. Pataki, University of UtahFollow
W. D. Pearse, McGill University; Université du Québec à Montréal
C. Polsky, Florida Atlantic UniversityFollow
R. Roy Chowdhury, Indiana UniversityFollow
M. K. Steele, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityFollow
T. L.E. Trammell, University of DelawareFollow

Abstract

Context

The urban heat island (UHI) is a well-documented pattern of warming in cities relative to rural areas. Most UHI research utilizes remote sensing methods at large scales, or climate sensors in single cities surrounded by standardized land cover. Relatively few studies have explored continental-scale climatic patterns within common urban microenvironments such as residential landscapes that may affect human comfort.

Objectives

We tested the urban homogenization hypothesis which states that structure and function in cities exhibit ecological “sameness” across diverse regions relative to the native ecosystems they replaced.

Methods

We deployed portable micrometeorological sensors to compare air temperature and humidity in residential yards and native landscapes across six U.S. cities that span a range of climates (Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL).

Results

Microclimate in residential ecosystems was more similar among cities than among native ecosystems, particularly during the calm morning hours. Maximum regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) was related to the morning residential microclimate effect. Residential yards in cities with maximum AET <50–65 cm/year (Phoenix and Los Angeles) were generally cooler and more humid than nearby native shrublands during summer mornings, while yards in cities above this threshold were generally warmer (Baltimore and Miami) and drier (Miami) than native forests. On average, temperature and absolute humidity were ~6 % less variable among residential ecosystems than among native ecosystems from diverse regions.

Conclusions

These data suggest that common residential land cover and structural characteristics lead to microclimatic convergence across diverse regions at the continental scale.

Comments

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015

DOI: 10.1007/s10980-015-0297-y

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DEB-1237517, #DBI-0620409, and #DEB-9910514. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Recommended Citation

Hall, S.J., Learned, J., Ruddell, B. et al. Landscape Ecol (2016) 31: 101. doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0297-y